Planeamento

Aulas

Introduction

Presentation of contents and methodology of the course. Outline and scope of work.


An anthropological view of War and Conflict

The nature of violent conflict in human societies:

Ethological, archaeological, historical evidence.

Classical anthropological models:

Their difficulty incorporating aggression and conflict in its epistemological foundations.

A short history of anthropological thought, from after its evolutionist foundations to the end of the "expansive moment". The enduring legacy of durkheimianism.

A look into the historical exceptions: Max Gluckman and the Manchester School, Sol Tax and the Chicago School - the importance of the "knowledge from the field", the case-study based approach.

Changing moments, missed opportunities: the African independences didn't change the conceptual paradigm.

Rwanda, Ethiopia, South Africa, Congo-Zaire: the problem with "localizing strategies".

David Graeber's seminal testament: The nature of violent conflict in human societies

https://www.eurozine.com/change-course-human-history/

Two case-studies:

The (ir)relevance of the work of Harry Turney-High for a renewed anthropological vision of the war in human societies.

The Napoleon Chagnon controversy as example of the enduring presuppositions in anthropology.

Towards an anthropology of war and violence:

Power, violence, and collective imagination. An add-on to Lévi-Strauss's model.

The phenomenon of war and the establishment of the nation-state.

The sacralization of power and state formation and dissolution (a reading of Luc De Heusch).

The cultural concepts of war and their relation to ideologies and political systems: readings of J. Kegan (The Face of Battle, A History of Warfare).

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Trabalho autónomo:

Readings:

Ingo W. Schröder and Bettina E. Schmidt: "introduction: Violent imaginaries and violent practices". In Anthropology of Violence and Conflict. London: Routledge, 2001.

Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart: "Introduction: Terror, the Imagination, and Cosmology". In A. Strathern, P. J. Stewart (eds). Terror and Violence. Imagination and the Unimaginable. London: Pluto, 2006.

Turney-High, Harry (1949). Primitive War: Its Practice and Concepts. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.


The politics of post-war reconstruction

Key topics:

  • New wars and failed states; Post-war reconstruction; From peace-building to peace-keeping; Dilemmas of Statebuilding; Conventional and Emerging approaches to state-building

Key Questions:

  • What does postwar reconstruction mean?
  • Where does it fit alongside concepts like peacekeeping, peacemaking, peacebuilding, nationbuilding and statebuilding?
  • What is the Liberal Peace thesis?
  • What is a failed state?
  • How did practices of postwar reconstruction evolved?
  • What are the main differences between the four waves of postwar reconstruction?
  • What are the dimensions of postwar reconstruction and stabilization?
  • What are the main challenges identified by practitioners?
  • What are the key issues linked to international intervention and postwar reconstruction as practiced since the 1990s?
  • How contested is liberal postwar reconstruction in the literature?
  • Is liberal postwar reconstruction viable?
  • What is the concept of resilience and in what way does it affect liberal postwar reconstruction?
  • How does contemporary postwar reconstruction affect the concepts of autonomy and sovereignty?


Trabalho autónomo:

Suggested Readings:

  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2009) 'Liberal Internationalism 3.0: America and the Dilemmas of Liberal World Order', Perspectives on Politics, 7(1): 71-87.
  • Paris, R. and Timothy Sisk (eds) (2009) The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations (Routledge 2009).
  • Helman, G. B and Ratner, S. R., 'Saving Failed States, Foreign Policy , No. 89 (Winter, 1992-1993), pp. 3-20
  • Doyle, Michael (2005) 'Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace', American Political Science Review, 99/3.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2010) (ed.), Palgrave Advances in Peacebuilding. Critical Development and Approaches. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Ch. 1.
  • Rocha Menocal, A. (2011). 'State Building for Peace: a new paradigm for international engagement
  • in post-conflict fragile states?', Third World Quarterly,32(10), 1715-1736.
  • Paris, R. and Timothy Sisk (eds) (2009) The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations. Abingdon: Routledge. Chapter 1: Introduction
  • Department for International Development (2010) Building Peaceful States and Societies. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67694/Buildingpeaceful-
  • states-and-societies.pdf
  • United States Institute for Peace (2009) Guiding Principles for Stabilization and Reconstruction. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/guiding_principles_full.pdf
  • Paris, R. (2010) 'Saving liberal peacebuilding', Review of international studies, 36(2): 337-365.
  • Cooper, N., Turner, M., & Pugh, M. (2011). The end of history and the last liberal peacebuilder: a reply to Roland Paris. Review of international studies,37(4), 1995-2007.
  • J ahn, B. (2007) 'The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention, Statebuilding. Part I, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1(1): 87-106.
  • Jahn, B. (2007) 'The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention, Statebuilding
  • (Part II)', Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1(2): 211-229.
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2010) 'Hybrid Peace: The Interaction Between Top-Down and Bottom Up Peace', Security Dialogue, 42(3): 391-412.
  • Chandler, D. (2013) 'International Statebuilding and the Ideology of Resilience', Politics, 33(4), 276-286.
  • Joseph, J. (2013) 'Resilience as embedded neoliberalism: a governmentality approach', Resilience, 1(1), 38-52.
  • Chandler, D. (2006) Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building. London: Pluto Press. Introduction.
  • Chandler, D. (2008) Statebuilding and Intervention: Policies, Practices, and Paradigms. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Chandler, D. (2010) International Statebuilding: The Rise of Post-Liberal Governance Abingdon: Routledge. Introduction and Ch. 3.
  • Darby J. (2008) and Roger Mac Ginty, Contemporary Peacemaking. Conflict, Peace Processes and Post-war Reconstruction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dobbins, James et al (2007) The Beginner's Guide to Nation-Building. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Summary and Ch. 1. Available online. http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2007/RAND_MG557.pdf
  • Fukuyama, F. (2005) Statebuilding. Governance and Order in the Twenty-First Century. London: Profile Books.
  • Hehir, A. and Neil Robinson (eds) (2007) State-Building: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge. Ch. 1.

  • Other resources:

    International Crisis Group - http://www.crisisgroup.org/

    Carnegie Endownment (Political Reforms) - http://www.carnegieendowment.org/topic/?fa=list&id=351

    UK Government Stabilization Unit - http://www.stabilisationunit.gov.uk/

    ISOA - association of private forms active in peace and stability operations - http://stabilityoperations.

    org/index.php

    RAND (Nationbuilding) - http://www.rand.org/topics/nation-building.html

    OECD - http://www.oecd.org/site/dacpbsbdialogue/

    New Deal - Building Peaceful States - http://www.newdeal4peace.org/

    US Department of State (Bureau of Conflict Stabilization Operations) -

    http://www.state.gov/j/cso/index.htm

  • Documentaries and movies:

    Green Zone (2010)

    Control Room (2004)

    Restrepo (2010)

    Statebuilding in Theory and Practice

    Iraq-No End in Sight (2007)

    The Death of Yugoslavia (1995)

    How to Build a Country from Scratch (2011)


Peace Operations and the Conflict Resolution Process

The session will present the basic concepts of conflict resolution, and will discuss how they relate to the different peace and security activities carried out by international partnerships and organisations.

Lecture/Conference by General Carlos Branco (retired).

Trabalho autónomo:

DAALDER, Ivo and GOLDGEIER, James (2006) "Global NATO", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, NO. 5., pp. 105-112.

UN Agenda for Peace: Gathering a body of global agreeements

Terminology


Horn of Africa: Political Violence in Changing Regional Environment

Chronic internally and externally induced political instability and armed conflict have led scholars to refer to the Horn of Africa as a "bad neighborhood". In the past, the sub-region has hosted some of Africa's rare inter-state wars and currently experiences multiple conflicts within states or their borderlands. However, at the same time, the political environment in the sub-region has recently changed with the leadership transition in Ethiopia, the historical agreement between Ethiopia and Eritrea, and the end of a three-decade-long dictatorship in Sudan. While the roots of political instability and violence in the Horn are mainly local, involvement by external within-the-region and extra-regional actors has often exacerbated rivalries and conflicts. This lecture looks into political violence in the Horn of Africa taking into account local and external actors and forces.

Trabalho autónomo:

Readings:

Bach, J-N., Abbink, J., Ancel, S., Ahmed, A., Fantini, E., Ferras, P., Mwakimako, H., Nallet, C., Ylönen, A., & Záhořík, J. (Eds.) (2022). Routledge Handbook of the Horn of Africa. Abingdon: Routledge.

Dias, A. (Ed.) (2013) State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa: Conflict and Processes of State Formation. Lisbon: CEA, Iscte-IUL.

Frauwallner, M. (2021) "Tigray Tragedy": An Interview with Manuel João Ramos." Stichproben. Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien / Vienna Journal of African Studies 41/2021, Vol. 21, 33-42.

Ylönen, A. & Zahorik, J. (Eds.)(2017) The Horn of Africa since the 1960s: Local and International Politics Intertwined. Abingdon: Routledge.

Ylönen, A. (2022) A Scramble of External Powers and Local Agency in the Horn of Africa. CIDOB, Notes Internacionals, 280.


Seminar

The meanings and preconcepts of "terrorism"

Analysis of the varied uses of the notion of terrorism.

Different theoretical underpinings, and varied dimensions of terrorist threats.

Terrorism and public opinion: the notion of "non-event" in Daniel Dayan's view.

Lecture by Nuno Lemos Pires

Trabalho autónomo:

Readings:

https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2017/09/CTC-Sentinel_Vol10Iss8-15.pdf

http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/download/661/1316


Seminar

Non-violent conflicts: the Spanish case study.

Trabalho autónomo:

Multidimensionality of centripetal and centrifugal nationalisms http://observare.ual.pt/janus.net/en/previous-issues/80-english-en/vol-4,-n-%C2%BA2-2013-2014-november-april/articles/248-multidimensionality-of-centripetal-and-centrifugal-nationalisms


Mediation in Practice: Regional Organisations, Peacemaking and Conflict Resolution in Africa

Conflict resolution, preventive diplomacy and the architecture of mediation of peace agreements - examples from Africa and elsewhere.

With João Gomes Porto, independent researcher

Trabalho autónomo:

Recommended readings:

Bercovitch, Jacob. 1991. "International Mediation". Journal of Peace Research, 28, 1, pp. 3-6

Bercovitch, J. and Rubin, J.. Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management, MacMillan Press Ltd, London, 1992.

Brahimi, L. and Ahmed, S., 'In Pursuit of Sustainable Peace: The Seven Deadly Sins of Mediation', Centre for International Cooperation, May 2008.

Burgess, Heidi and Guy Burgess, "Conducting Track II Peacemaking", PeaceMaker's Toolkit, USIP, 2010.

Bush, A. and Folger, J.. The Promise of Mediation. Responding to Conflict Through Empowerment and Recognition, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, 1994.

Carrell, Michael, and Christina Heavrin, Negotiation Essentials, Pearson, December 2006.

FAO Policy Learning Programme, "Negotiation Theory and Practice: A Review of the Literature", EASYPOL Module 179.

Fisher, Ronald J. and Keashly, Loraleigh. 191. "The Potential Complementarity of Mediation and Consultation within a Contingency Model of Third Party Intervention". Journal of Peace Research, 28, 1, pp. 29-42

Galtung, J., Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means (The Transcend Method), Alfaz del Pi, July 1998.

Gomes Porto, João. "Mediators not in the Middle: Revisiting the normative dimensions of international mediation" in Ulf Engel (Ed) New Mediation Practices in African Conflicts, Global History and International Studies 4, University of Leipzig Press, October 2012.

Gomes Porto, João and Ngandu, Kapinga Yvette. 2014. "The African Union, Preventive Diplomacy, Mediation, and the Panel of the Wise: Review and Reflection on the Panel's First Six Years". African Security, 7:181-206,

Gomes Porto, João. 2014. UNECA Study on Mediation and the Architecture of Peace Agreements:Best practices and lessons learned. Addis Ababa: UNECA.

Kleiboer, M. 'Understanding Success and Failure of International Mediation', Journal of Conflict Resolution. 40(2):360-389, 1996.

Kremenyuk, V. (Ed), International Negotiation: Analysis, Approaches, Issues, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco and Oxford, 1991.

Kriesberg, L.. Constructive Conflicts. From Escalation to Resolution. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York, 1998.

Maiese, M. 'Negotiation', in Beyond Intractability. http://www.betondintractability.org

Mason, Simon J A. "Insider Mediators: Exploring their key role in informal peace processes", Berghof Foundation for Peace Support, SwissPeace, CSS, 2009.

Moore, C.W. The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict, 3rd Edn. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Chapters 1 and 2, 2003.

Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T. and Miall, H., Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, management and transformation of deadly conflicts, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2005.

Smith, S. and Smock, S., Managing a Mediation Process, United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC, 2008.

Spangler , Brad. "Distributive Bargaining" , in Beyond Intractability . Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: June 2003 <http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/distributive- bargaining>.

UN Dept. of Political Affairs. 2011. UN/DPA Mediation Start-up Guidelines. NewYork: United Nations.

Wallensteen, Peter. Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, peace and the Global System. Sage, 2011.

Whitfield, Teresa. "External Actors in Mediation: Dilemmas and options for mediators", Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD), Mediation Practice Series, February 2010.

Zartman, I William, and Alvara de Soto, "Timing Mediation Initiatives", PeaceMaker's Toolkit, USIP, 2010. J. Bercovitch. Resolving International Conflicts. The Theory and Practice of Mediation. Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, 1996. Especially chapters 1, 2, 10 and 11

Relevant Policy Documents

  • United Nations Secretary General, United Nations Guidance for Effective Mediation, United Nations, September 2012.

  • United Nations Department of Political Affairs, Mediation Start-up Guidelines, United Nations, New York, 2012.

  • UNITAR and UNDPA, A Manual for UN Mediators: Advice from UN Representatives and Envoys, The Programme in Peacemaking and Conflict Prevention of UNITAR and Mediation Support Unit of the UN Department of Political Affairs, 2010.

  • OSCE, Developing Guidance for Effective Mediation, December 2012. Key Websites

    The Berghof Conflict Research offers a range of up-to-date papers and research projects on peacemaking:

    http://www.berghof-conflictresearch.org/en/publications/strategie

    Beyond Intractability: this website is an excellent source of information on skills, processes, the theories related to aspects of peacemaking:,
    http://www.beyondintractability.org/resources/browse_st.jsp?nid=5089

    Transcend: centred on the work and approach of Johan Galtung, one of the founders of peace research, and gives a good idea of Galtung's analysis of many current conflicts, www.transcend.org.

    The Centre for Systemic Peace. The Center regularly monitors and reports on general trends in societal- system performance, at the global, regional, and state levels of analysis and in the key systemic dimensions of conflict, governance, and (human and physical) development. http://www.systemicpeace.org

    The Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. Reports and research produced by the Commission are available at www.ccpdc.org .

    The United States Institute for Peace website at www.usip.org is a very rich resource of information and analysis in support of conflict resolution work.

    Similarly the International Crisis Group provides an excellent range of conflict analysis at www.crisisweb.org. The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy promotes a systems approach to peacebuilding and to facilitate the

    transformation of deep-rooted social conflict. Go to www.imtd.org The Carter Center can be found at www.cartercentger.org.

Also:


The Syrian Civil War: Origins, Actors, and Trajectories

Part I:

Concepts of power, state formation and the monopolisation of "legitimate aggression": a reading of the impacts of the Westfalian concept of "nation-state" in the post-independences period.

From Islam and statehood to the Islamic State: a (double?) case-study: the original sin of the Gulf war, and the recreation of the other through the "war on terror". Syria: powderkegs and great games - the long history of Western meddling in the Middle East; ethnicisation and sectarism as self-fulfiling prophecies.

Manuel Ramos (ISCTE-IUL)

Part II:

This part of the lecture is designed to be an interactive discussion about the ongoing civil war in Syria: origins, actors, politics, geopolitics and trajectory. The discussion will adopt a multi-dimensional approach that will help in developing a better understanding of the multi-faceted and increasingly-complex nature of this conflict.

Guest lecturer Part II: Adam al-Alou (ICS-UL)

Trabalho autónomo:

Readings:

Cockburn, Patrick (2016) Age of Jihad. The Islamic State and the Great War for the Midde East (check GoogleDrive).

Hinnebusch, Raymond (2002) Syria: Revolution from Above (check GoogleDrive)

Hinnebusch, Raymond & Zintl, Tina (2015) "The Syrian Uprising and Bashar al-Assad's First Decade in Power". In Hinnebusch, Raymond & Zintl, Tina, Syria: From Reform to Revolt vol.1.

Weiss, Michael & Hassan, Hassan (2015) ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror (check GoogleDrive)

Additional readings:

- How Syria Came to This

- Who's Who in Syria's Civil War

- Russia's Goals Go Beyond Damascus

- What Iran Is Really Up To in Syria

- Iran's Moves in Syria Raise Risk of Conflict With Israel

- Syria and the Beginning of a New Cold War

- How Do We Prevent ISIS 2.0? Withdrawing From Syria is Not the Answer

- The New Arab Order

- 'How Syria's White Helmets Became Victims of an Online Propaganda Machine': https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/18/syria-white-helmets-conspiracy-theories

- The logic of Chemical Weapons Use in Syria

Video stream of last year's lecture: https://echo360.org.uk/section/b031dc33-2a21-43c2-8158-c9b2f3b40e2b/public


Final papers support

Lecture to support the preparation of final papers.