Bibliografia

Mendonça, S. (2015), “Concepts of Innovation”, in J. Caraça and H. Collho (eds), Power, Leadership and Complexity, Lisbon: IST Press. Lerner, A. (2013), “An Economic Perspective on Science and Innovation Policy”, mimeo. Hall, B., C. Helmers, M. Rogers, and V. Sena (2014), “The choice between formal and informal intellectual property: A review, with”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 375–423. Foray, D. (ed.) (2009), The New Economics of Technology Policy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Arrow, K.J. (1962), “Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention”, in R.R. Nelson (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton: Princeton University Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, 609-26. Nota: pela natureza da UC, não se efetua a distinção entre bibliografia básica e complementar, devendo ser considerada indiferentemente. :

Waldfogel, J. (2012), "Copyright research in the digital age: Moving from piracy to the supply of new products?”, American Economic Review, Vol. 102, No. 3, pp. 337-42. Moser, Petra (2013). "Patents and innovation: Evidence from economic history", Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-44. Mazzucato, M. (2013), The Entrepreneurial State, London: The Anthem Press. Levin, R.C., A. K. Klevorick, R.R. Nelson, and S.G. Winter (1987), “Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 3, pp. 783-831. Hall, B.H. and N. Rosenberg (eds), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, Amsterdam: Elsevier. Gambardella, P. Giuri, and A. Luzzi (2007), “The market for patents in Europe” Research Policy, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 1163-83. Fagerberg, J., D.C. Mowery, R.R. Nelson (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bessen, J. and M.J. Meurer (2008), Patent Failure: How Judges, Bureaucrats, and Lawyers Put Innovators at Risk, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Arundel, A. and I. Kabla (1998), “What percentage of innovations are patented? Empirical estimates for European firms?”, Research Policy, Vol. 27, Np. 2, pp. 127-41. Aghion, P., J. van Reenen, and L. Zingales (2013), "Innovation and Institutional Ownership." American Economic Review, Vol. 103, No. 1, pp. 277-304. :